Herpetofauna of protected areas in the Caatinga VIII: An updated checklist for the Serra das Confusões region with new data from Serra Vermelha, Piauí, Brazil / Herpetofauna das áreas protegidas da Caatinga VIII: Um inventário atualizado para a região da Serra das Confusões com novos dados da Serra Vermelha, Piauí, Brazil

Abstract It is repeatedly stressed the need to characterize the extant biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. However, inventory studies are still progressing slowly in dry ecosystems, leading to the underestimation of their true biodiversity and hindering conservation efforts. In this study, we present primary and secondary data, along with an updated list of amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the São Francisco-Gurguéia region in Piauí. Additionally, we compare the species composition between nine areas within the Caatinga, which were sampled using standardized methods over the past ten years, to examine broader spatial patterns of community composition. To survey reptiles and amphibians, we employed similar methods and sampling efforts in two areas within the Serra das Confusões National Park (SCNP) region. Our surveys recorded a total of 73 species of amphibians and reptiles, of which 24 are new distribution records for the SCNP region. Consequently, our findings increase the known herpetofauna in the region to 94 species. Despite their proximity, the two sites in the SCNP region exhibited only 42% similarity in species composition, and they differed significantly from other areas within the Caatinga. Furthermore, even the closer Caatinga areas presented differences in species composition, highlighting the necessity to evaluate biodiversity across the landscape and contribute to understanding biogeographic patterns.

Resumo É repetidamente enfatizada a necessidade de caracterizar a biodiversidade vivente em ecossistemas tropicais. No entanto, os estudos de inventário ainda estão progredindo lentamente em ecossistemas secos, levando à subestimação de sua verdadeira biodiversidade e dificultando os esforços de conservação. Neste estudo, apresentamos dados primários e secundários, juntamente com uma lista atualizada de anfíbios e répteis de duas localidades na região de São Francisco-Gurguéia, do Piauí. Além disso, comparamos a composição de espécies entre nove áreas dentro da Caatinga, que foram amostradas usando métodos padronizados nos últimos dez anos, para examinar padrões espaciais mais amplos de composição da comunidade. Para estudar répteis e anfíbios, utilizamos métodos e esforços de amostragem semelhantes em duas áreas na região do Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões (PNSC). Nossos levantamentos registraram um total de 73 espécies de anfíbios e répteis, das quais 24 são novos registros de distribuição para a região do PNSC. Consequentemente, nossos resultados aumentam a herpetofauna conhecida na região para 94 espécies. Apesar da proximidade, os dois locais na região do PNSC exibiram apenas 42% de similaridade na composição de espécies e diferiram significativamente de outras áreas dentro da Caatinga. Mesmo áreas mais próximas da Caatinga apresentaram diferenças na composição de espécies, destacando a necessidade de avaliar a biodiversidade em toda a paisagem e contribuir para a compreensão de padrões biogeográficos.

Leptodactylus vastos (LEPTODACTYLIDAE) PREDATION ON AN ENDEMIC FROG, AND A COMPILATION OF ITS DIET / Depredación de Leptodactylus vastus (Leptodactylidae) en una rana endémica y una recopilación de su dieta

RESUMEN La composición de la dieta constituye información básica sobre la historia natural de la especie. A pesar de la cantidad de datos adquiridos en los últimos años, aún queda mucho por conocer, especialmente para especies geográficamente extendidas. Aquí compilamos los elementos dietéticos disponibles de Leptodactylus vastus y reportamos el primer evento de depredación de Rupirana cardosoi por un juvenil de L. vastus. El hecho de que estas especies sean sintópicas en la región probablemente resultó en este nuevo evento de depredación. A diferencia de las observaciones previas de depredación de L. vastus, los especímenes que observamos no presentan una diferencia notable en el tamaño corporal, pero L. vastus fue capaz de casi tragar R. cardosoi, en coherencia con los hallazgos de que el tamaño de la boca está relacionado con la selección de presas en los anuros. Además, nuestra revisión de la literatura mostró que L. vastus es un depredador generalista y oportunista, que se alimenta de pequeños vertebrados (Amphibia, Squamata y Mammalia).

ABSTRACT Diet composition constitutes basic information on the natural history of the species. Despite the amount of data acquired in the last years, much remains to be known specially for geographically widespread species. Here we compiled the available dietary items of Leptodactylus vastus and report the first predation event upon Rupirana cardosoi by a juvenile L. vastus. The fact these species are syntopic in the region probably resulted in this novel predation event. Different from previous L. vastus predation observations, the specimens we observed do not present a striking difference in body size, but L. vastus was able to almost swallow L. cardosoi, coherent with findings that mouth size is related to prey selection in anurans. Also, our literature review showed that L. vastus is a generalist and opportunistic predator, that prey upon small vertebrates (Amphibia, Squamata, and Mammalia).

Sowing depth and light intensity in the emergence and development of monocotyledonous weeds

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different sowing depths and light intensities on the emergence and development of the monocot weed species, Urochloa decumbens and Cenchrus echinatus, under field conditions. Each species constituted an experiment, and the experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates. The treatments were arranged in a 6 x 4 factorial scheme, with six sowing depths (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 12.0 cm) associated with four solar radiation intensities (100%, 70%, 50%, and 30%) obtained through the use of shading screens. Seedling emergence capacity was evaluated daily to obtain the emergence percentage and speed index. Plant height, floral induction time, and plant dry matter at flowering were measured. Even when subjected to different solar radiation intensities, U. decumbens and C. echinatus seedlings emerged at all the sowing depths. Sowing between 2.0- and 4.0-cm depths favored the emergence of seedlings of U. decumbens and C. echinatus. However, sowing at 12-cm depth reduced the emergence of both species regardless of the solar radiation intensity. Urichloa decumbens plants grown under conditions of greater shading showed the lowest values of height and dry matter accumulation during flowering. High levels of shading facilitated only the etiolation of C. echinatus plants. Increased shading flowering time in both species compared to full sunlight.

Deposition of diquat with different spray tips, efficiency on common water hyacinth, and effect on water quality

Eichhornia crassipes, known as common water hyacinth, has a high growth rate and produces large amounts of biomass when there are imbalances in water bodies, making it one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world. A study was carried out under small water reservoir field conditions to evaluate the herbicide diquat (960 g ha−1) in controlling this species, at the adult stage development. Four spray tips (AI 11002VS, XR 11002VS and, TXVK-8 with spray volume of 200 L ha−1 and XR 11003VS with 400 L ha−1) were tested. Spraying was performed using a CO2-pressurized sprayer under constant pressure attached to a boat. Plant control was visually evaluated at 1, 3, 7, 11, 14, 21, 29, 60, 87, and 98 days after herbicide application and dry matter accumulation was determined at the end of the experimental period, as well as the spray solution deposition in the application area and water physical and chemical quality. The herbicide diquat was efficient in controlling E. crassipes plants at the dose applied and in development stage of the studied plants, regardless of the type of spray tip at the end of the evaluations. At the beginning of evaluations, the spray tip XR 11002VS was the least effectivity in controlling water hyacinth plants. Spray solution losses were high in all tips tested for control of E. crassipes plants, and the spray tips AI 11002VS and XR 11003VS provided the lowest losses during spraying. No water physical or chemical characteristics were negatively affected by diquat application.

Selectivity of herbicides applied to Brazilian tree species at post-emergence

The presence of weeds in silvicultural systems has been considered one of the main obstacles to the success of projects designed to recover degraded areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied at post-emergence in the initial growth of seedlings of capixingui (Croton floribundus), açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata), and guaritá (Astronium graveolens), in the municipalities of Jaboticabal and Junqueirópolis, state of São Paulo. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications, and the treatments consisted of herbicides (g a.i.·ha-1) clethodim + phenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 + 50), sethoxydim (184), quizalofop-p-ethyl (75), nicosulfuron (50), fluazifop-p-butyl (125), fomesafen (225), haloxyfop-methyl (48), bentazon (720), chlorimuron-ethyl (15), in addition to control without herbicide. The characteristics analyzed were: plant height increase and visual phytointoxication at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after herbicide application. At the end of the experiment, the shoots of the plants were removed to assess shoot dry matter. The herbicides clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, fluazifop-p-butyl, and quizalofop-p-ethyl showed selective potential for the species capixingui, açoita-cavalo, and guaritá. The herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl caused mild intoxication symptoms when applied to seedlings of capixingui and açoita-cavalo; also, it was not selective for the guaritá species grown in Jaboticabal. All species showed selectivity to the herbicides sethoxydim, fomesafen, haloxyfop-methyl, and nicosulfuron, as their growth and initial development were not influenced. The herbicide bentazon caused high percentages of injury to açoita-cavalo plants in both cultivation places, but it did not influence the growth and development of the species.

Surgical Treatment of Multiple Osteoporotic Fractures of the Dorsolumbar Spine: Case Report / Tratamento cirúrgico de fraturas osteoporóticas múltiplas da coluna dorsolombar: Relato de caso

Abstract Osteoporotic vertebral fractures are a common type of fracture and affect a significant number of subjects with osteoporosis. Despite the high fracture risk, the concomitant occurrence of vertebral fractures at non-contiguous levels is very rare. We report the case of a patient with three burst dorsolumbar spine fractures at non-contiguous levels who was treated with percutaneous kyphoplasty and transpedicular posterior fixation. Six months after the surgery, the patient walks autonomously and without pain; in addition, there is no radiological evidence of fracture reduction loss.

Resumo As fraturas vertebrais osteoporóticas são um tipo comum de fratura e afetam um número significativo da população com osteoporose. Apesar do elevado risco de fratura, a ocorrência concomitante de fraturas vertebrais em níveis não contíguos é muito rara. Reportamos o caso de uma paciente com três fraturas explosivas da coluna dorsolombar em níveis não contíguos, tratada com cifoplastia e fixação posterior transpedicular por via percutânea. Seis meses após a cirurgia, a paciente tem marcha autônoma, sem dor, e, radiologicamente, não existem evidências de perda de redução das fraturas.

Use of the imazapic herbicide applied alone or tank mix with imazapyr as growth regulator of lawns

Successive mowing are the major maintenance costs of lawns. Thus, both the expenditure with mowing and the visual and physiological aspect of the lawn have led to the search for alternatives to mechanical management. Thus, this work aimed to study the effects of different rates of imazapic herbicide applied alone or combined with imazapyr as a growth regulator of Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) and St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum). The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates, and the treatments consisted of six rates of imazapic herbicide (35; 70; 105; 140; 175 and 210 g a.i. ha-1) for both species, three rates of imazapic + imazapyr in tank mix (15.57 + 5.25; 23.625 + 7.875; 32.5 + 10.5 g a.i. ha-1) for Bahiagrass and four rates of imazapic + imazapyr mixture (7.875 + 2.625; 15.57 + 5.25; 23.625 + 7.875; 32.5 + 10.5 g a.i. ha-1) for St. Augustine grass. The effect of the treatments was evaluated by observing visible injury symptoms, canopy height, height and number of inflorescences and total dry matter of clippings. Applications of imazapic alone or combined with imazapyr were effective in reducing plant height, number and height of inflorescences and total amount of dry matter of clippings produced by Bahiagrass plants. Imazapic provided satisfactory control of St. Augustine growth, but its utilization caused an increase in the number of inflorescences present in the lawns.

The effects of different doses of oral creatine supplementation on tibial muscle resistence and fatigue in wistar rats / Efeito de diferentes doses de suplementação de creatina na resistência muscular e fadiga em ratos wistar

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different doses of oral creatine supplementation on tibial muscle resistance and fatigue in Wistar rats. The treatment protocols included swimming exercises, supplementation alone (different doses), and supplementation (different doses) + swimming exercises. Analysis of the effect of creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle fatigue was performed using the intensity of muscle contraction to electrical stimulation to evaluate the intensity of muscle contraction, decay time of muscle tetanic contraction to 50% of maximum tension (fatigue), and the area under the curve for the intensity x time ratio, besides AST, LDH, and urea plasmatic analysis. Our results suggest that creatine supplementation seems to be able to produce ergogenic effects on contractile metabolism in the group treated with the dose of 280 mg/kg + swim exercise. This creatine dose presented a statistically significant increase in decay time of muscle tetanic contraction (C280+swim (119±13.1), C500+swim (110±23.6) and C1000+swim (87±15.1)), area under the curve between tetanic contractions, and plasma LDH decrease, when compared to the other doses. These data clearly demonstrate that high doses do not lead to any additional ergogenic effects. We conclude that the dose of 280 mg/kg+swim exercise obtained the best ergogenic effects on tibial muscle resistance and fatigue in Wistar rats.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes doses de suplementação oral de creatina sobre a resistência e fadiga do músculo tibial em ratos wistar. Os protocolos de tratamento incluíram exercícios de natação, suplementação isolada (doses diferentes) e suplementação (doses diferentes) + exercícios de natação. A análise do efeito da suplementação de creatina na fadiga do músculo esquelético foi realizada utilizando-se a intensidade da contração muscular à uma estimulação elétrica, aferindo a intensidade da contração muscular, tempo de decaimento da contração tetânica do músculo a 50% da tensão máxima (fadiga) e a área sob a curva para a razão de intensidade x tempo, além de análises plasmática de AST, LDH e ureia. Nossos resultados sugerem que a suplementação de creatina parece ser capaz de produzir efeitos ergogênicos no metabolismo contrátil no grupo tratado, com a dose de 280 mg/kg+natação. Esta dose de creatina teve um aumento estatisticamente significativo no tempo de decaimento da contracção tetânica muscular (C280+natação (119±13.1), C500+natação (110±23.6) e C1000+natação (87±15.1)), área sob a curva entre as contrações tetânicas e também diminuição da LDH plasmática quando comparada com as outras doses. Estes dados demonstraram claramente que doses elevadas não conduzem a qualquer aumento adicional de efeitos ergogênicos. Concluimos que a dose de 280 mg / kg + exercício de natação obteve os melhores efeitos ergogênicos sobre a resistência e fadiga do músculo tibial em ratos wistar.

Artroscopia de quadril / Hip arthroscopy

A artroscopia de quadril é um método seguro para o tratamento de diversas patologias desconhecidas até a última década. O impacto femoroacetabular é a patologia mais comum e com melhores resultados quando tratada precocemente. O instrumental e a técnica cirúrgica da artroscopia de quadril continuam em evolução. Novas indicações de artroscopia de quadril vem sendo estudadas, como o tratamento das lesões do ligamento redondo, capsulorrafia nas instabilidades, dissecação do nervo ciático e reparo de lesões dos músculos glúteos (lesões do manguito rotador do quadril), porém ainda com reprodutibilidade discutível. A taxa de complicações é baixa e resultados cada vez melhores e com menor número de complicações devem ser esperados com a progressão da curva de aprendizado.

Hip arthroscopy is a safe method for treating a variety of pathological conditions that were unknown until a decade ago. Femoroacetabular impingement is the commonest of these pathological conditions and the one with the best results when treated early on. The instruments and surgical technique for hip arthroscopy continue to evolve. New indications for hip arthroscopy has been studied as the ligamentum teres injuries, capsular repair in instabilities, dissection of the sciatic nerve and repair of gluteal muscles tears (injuries to the hip rotator cuff), although still with debatable reproducibility. The complication rate is low, and ever-better results with fewer complications should be expected with the progression of the learning curve.

Proposal for a new clinical test for diagnosing lateral hip snapping

Lateral hip snapping is a nosological entity that is often unknown to many orthopedists and even to some hip surgery specialists. It comprises palpable and/or audible snapping on the lateral face of the hip that is sometimes painful, caused by muscle-tendon friction on the greater trochanter during flexion and extension of the coxofemoral joint. In the following, we describe a new test for diagnosing lateral hip snapping, which is eminently clinical...

O ressalto lateral do quadril é uma entidade nosológica muitas vezes desconhecida pela maioria dos ortopedistas e até mesmo por alguns especialistas em cirurgia do quadril. Trata--se da presença de um estalido palpável e/ou audível na face lateral do quadril, por vezes doloroso, causado pelo atrito musculotendineo sobre o grande trocanter durante a flexão e a extensão da articulação coxofemoral. Descreveremos a seguir um novo teste para o diagnóstico do ressalto lateral do quadril, que é eminentemente clínico...

A novel method for predicting the risk of thrombosis and thromboembolism

INTRODUCTION: Thrombosis is a complex disease that is often silent and is characterized by thrombus formation within the blood vessel. It can lead to a venous obstruction in the body, severe sequelae and even death. Thrombus formation occurs when there is reduced blood flow and/or the release of procoagulant substances caused by external factors. In Brazil, the data on this pathology are still underestimated, and its incidence is approximately 0.8 cases/1000 inhabitants per year according to the literature. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a predictive method for the risk of thrombosis or thromboembolism according to various risk factors. METHODS: This is an observational and retrospective study based on a convenience sample of records. It was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University Mogi das Cruzes and the Heart Hospital of the São Paulo. The sample was classified according to the risk, and the assessment of concordance was performed by determining the Kappa coefficient and accuracy. RESULTS: Of the observed patients, 23 (46%) were women, and 86% were over 45 years old. The mean age of the patients was 60.8 years. Forty-eight percent of the patients underwent surgery for more than 30 minutes. In this study, the method categorized 29 (58%) patients as moderate risk, 10 as low risk and 11 as high risk. Two cases of thrombotic disease were sufficient for validation. CONCLUSION: The use of this software as a predictive method was feasible, providing fast filling, immediate scoring, flexibility and an upgrade over previous systems. The software will not substitute for diagnosis, which is a medical competence, but it may help as a warning of risk.

Impact of coronary artery bypass grafting in elderly patients / Impacto da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio em pacientes idosos

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of isolated on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in patients > 65 years-old. METHODS: Patients undergoing isolated on-pump CABG from December 1st 2010 to July 31th 2012 were divided in two groups: GE (elderly > 65 years-old, n=103) and GA (adults < 65 years-old, n=150). Preoperative data, intraoperative (as cardiopulmonar bypass time, aortic clamping time, time length of stay in mechanical ventilation - MV - and number of grafts), and postoperative variable (as morbidity, mortality and time length of stay in hospital) were analyzed during hospitalization. RESULTS: In GE, the morbidity rate was greater than in GA (30% vs. 14%, P=0.004), but there was no difference in the mortality rate (5.8% vs. 2.0%, P=0.165). In GA, there was higher prevalence DM (39.6% vs. 27%, P=0.043) and smoking (32.2% versus 19.8%, P=0.042); and in GE, higher prevalence of stroke (17% vs. 6.7%, P=0.013). There was no difference between the groups regarding intraoperative variables. After multivariate analysis, age > 65-year-old was associated with greater morbidity, but it was not independent predictive factor for in-hospital mortality. Considering in-hospital mortality, stay in ward time length (P=0.006), cardiac (P=0.011) and respiratory complications (P=0.026) were independent predictive factors. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that patients > 65-year old were at increased risk of postoperative complications when submitted to isolated on-pump CABG in comparison to patients < 65-year-old, but not under increased risk of death.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os desfechos da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) isolada com circulação extracorpórea em pacientes com idade > 65 anos em comparação àqueles com < 65 anos. MÉTODOS: foram analisados 253 pacientes submetidos consecutivamente à CRM isolada entre 1º de dezembro de 2010 a 31 de julho de 2012. Os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos: GI (idosos > 65 anos) e GA (adultos < 65 anos). Foram analisadas variáveis pré-operatórias, intraoperatórias (tempo de CEC, tempo de pinçamento aórtico, tempo de submissão à VM e número de enxertos) e pós-operatórias (morbidade, mortalidade e tempo de internação). RESULTADOS: Dos 253 pacientes, 103 pertenciam ao GI (40,7%) e 150 ao GA (59,3%). A taxa de morbidade foi significativamente maior no GI quando comparada ao GA (30% vs. 14%, P=0,004), porém não houve diferença na taxa de mortalidade (5,8% vs. 2,0%, P=0,165). No GA havia maior prevalência DM (39,6% vs. 27%, P=0,043) e tabagismo (32,2% vs. 19,8%, P=0,042); e no GI, maior prevalência de acidente vascular encefálico prévio (17% vs. 6,7%, P=0,013). Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto às variáveis intraoperatórias. Na análise multivariada: tempo de internação na enfermaria (P=0,006), complicações cardíacas (P=0,011) e complicações respiratórias (P=0,026) foram variáveis preditoras de risco para maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar. No entanto, a idade > 65 anos não foi um fator preditor de risco associada a variável óbito. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos possuem um maior risco de complicações intra-hospitalares no pós-operatório de CRM isolada com CEC em comparação com pacientes mais jovens.

Trombose obstrutiva de prótese mecânica tricúspide tratada com agente fibrinolítico / Obstructive thrombosis of mechanical valve prosthesis treated with fibrinolytic agent

A trombose de prótese valvar cardíaca é uma complicação grave, ocorrendo com maior frequência em valvas mecânicas. A morbidade e a mortalidade significativas, associadas a essa condição, exigem rápida avaliação diagnóstica e intervenção terapêutica. Este caso refere-se a um paciente de 33 anos, com quadro de trombose obstrutiva de prótese mecânica tricúspide e instabilidade hemodinâmica. O diagnóstico foi feito a partir do ecocardiograma transtorácico e confirmado com ecocardiografia transesofágica. O paciente foi submetido à terapia fibrinolítica.

Anomalia de Ebstein com ventrículo esquerdo não compactado e comunicação interatrial do tipo seio coronário: um relato de caso / Ebstein's anomaly with left ventricular noncompaction and coronary sinus atrial septal defect: a case report

As cardiopatias congênitas envolvem um grupo de malformações que podem ser frequentes ou raras. Anomalias de Ebstein, ventrículo esquerdo não compactado e comunicação interatrial, tipo seio coronário, são condições incomuns na população e a ocorrência dos três defeitos, em um mesmo paciente, não possui relato prévio na literatura médica. Neste trabalho, é relatado o caso de um homem, com 37 anos de idade, que teve o diagnóstico feito em nosso serviço, por meio do ecocardiograma, dessa extremamente rara associação.

Alterações dentoesqueléticas decorrentes da Expansão Rápida da Maxila Assistida Cirurgicamente (Ermac) / Dental and skeletal changes following Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion (Sarme)

Este estudo avaliou as alterações produzidas nos arcos dentais superiores de pacientes submetidos à Expansão Rápida da Maxila Assistida Cirurgicamente (Ermac). A amostra utilizada foi composta por 54 modelos de gesso superiores de 18 pacientes, sendo seis do sexo masculino e 12 do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 23,3 anos. Para cada paciente foram preparados três modelos de gesso: inicial, antes do procedimentooperatório (T1), pós-expansão e contenção, três meses pós-cirurgia, (T2) e seis meses pós expansão (T3). O dispositivo expansor utilizado foi o disjuntor tipo Hyrax. O procedimentocirúrgico adotado foi a osteotomia lateral da maxila sem o envolvimento da lâmina pterigoide, osteotomia da espinha nasal à linha média dental, separação da sutura palatina mediana e separação do septo nasal. As medidas foram realizadas por meio da máquina de mediçãotridimensional, baseando-se nas alterações nos três planos. Concluiu-se que: 1. Houve um aumento estatisticamente significante nas distâncias transversais em todos os grupos de dentes (de incisivos centrais até segundos molares) de 1l para T2, demonstrando a efetividadedo tratamento. De T2 para T3 não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para nenhuma variável, indicando, assim, estabilidade após seis meses do término da Ermac; 2. Houve um aumento estatisticamente significante nas inclinações dos primeiros molaresdos lados direito e esquerdo, porém sem diferença para os primeiros pré-molares; 3. Houve um aumento estatisticamente significante na largura palatina entre T1 x T2 e T1 x T3; 4. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes na profundidade palatina nos intervalos analisados.

This study evaluated the alterations produced in the superior dental arcs of patients submitted to the Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion. The sample was composed of 54 orthodontic models of 18 patients (six males and 12 females). The average age was 23,3 years. For each patient three orthodontic models had been prepared: pre-operative stage (T1), three months after the operative procedure (T2), and six months of post-expansion period (T3). The appliance used in this study was the Hyrax type. The adopted surgical procedure was the lateral osteotomy of the maxilla, without involving the pterygoid pia te, osteotomy from the nasal spine to the maxillary dental midline, the midpalatal suture separation and the separation of nasal septum also. The measures had been carried, based on the alterations in the three plans. Conclusions: 1. There were statistically significant increase in the transversal distances in all the teeth groups (from central incisors to second molars) of T1 for T2, demonstrating the effectiveness of the treatment. The variables did not show statistically significant difference of T2 for T3, indicating stability after six months following the Sarme; 2. There were a statistically significant increase in the inclinations of the tirst molar of right and left sides, but there is no difference for first bicuspid; 3. There were an increase statistically significant in the palatine width between T1 x T2 and T1 x T3; and 4. Statistically significant differences were not observed in the palatine depth in the analyzed intervals.

Estresse crônico em cobaias com inflamação alérgica pulmonar: influência do óxido nítrico na modulação das respostas inflamatórias, de remodelamento e de hiperresponsividade pulmonar / Chronic stress in guinea pigs with chronic allergic inflammation: influence of nitric oxide synthase in the inflammatory responses, remodeling and lung tissue responsiveness

Introdução: Há crescentes evidências que sinalizam o papel do estresse crônico como desencadeante e mesmo perpetuador de crises asmáticas, bem como a importância do parênquima pulmonar na piora funcional da asma. Objetivos: Deste modo, consideramos relevante avaliar em cobaias com inflamação alérgica crônica pulmonar como o estresse físico repetido, induzido pela natação forçada, modula a responsividade do parênquima pulmonar, ainfiltração eosinofílica, ativação da via de estresse oxidativo e o remodelamento, bem como o papel da ativação de enzima óxido nítrico sintase induzida nestas respostas. Métodos: Os animais receberam inalações duas vezes por semana durante quatro semanas com doses crescentes de ovoalbumina ou solução fisiológica Após 24 horas da quarta inalação os animais foram separadas em dois grupos onde metade destes animais foi submetido ao protocolo de natação forçada por dez dias com intervalo de dois dias, para a indução do estresse, enquanto a outra metade dos animais permaneceu sem a indução de estresse. Para avaliar a participação da ativação de iNOS nesta resposta as cobaias foram novamente divididas em grupos, onde parte foi tratada com 1400-W (inibidor específico de iNOS, 2mg/kg ip/dia/4 dias) ou veículo no mesmo período, iniciando 30 minutos antes da sétima inalação. Para avaliação das repercussões comportamentais da indução de estresse os animais foram submetidos ao teste de campo aberto, sendo obtidos os seguintes parâmetros: distância percorrida, velocidade média total, tempo de movimentação total. Foi também coletada uma amostra de sangue no dia da realização da mecânica pulmonar para a dosagem do cortisol. Após 72h da sétima inalação, os animais foram anestesiados, exsanguinados e fatias de tecido pulmonar periférico foram retiradas e suspensas em banho orgânico de Krebs, e a resistência (Rt) e elastância (Et) do tecido pulmonar periférico foram avaliadas em condição basal e após desafio com ovoalbumina (1%)...

Introduction: There is growing evidence to indicate the role of chronic stress even perpetuating as triggering asthma attacks and the importance of functional lung parenchyma in worsening of asthmatic responses. Objective: We considered relevant to evaluate in guinea pigs with chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation if repeated physical stress, induced by forced swimming, modulates the responsiveness of the distal lung parenchyma, eosinophilic infiltration, oxidative stress pathway activation and extracellular matrix remodeling as well as the role of the activation of induced nitric oxide synthase in these responses. Methods: The animals received inhalations twice a week for four weeks with increasing doses of ovalbumin or normal saline. After 24 hours of the fourth inhalation, the animals were separated into two groups where half of these animals were subjected to the protocol of forced swimming for ten days with an interval two days, while the other half of the animals remained without stress induction. In order to evaluate the involvement of iNOS activation in this response, guinea pigs were again divided in two groups, one part of them were treated with 1400W (specific inhibitor of iNOS, 2mg/kg ip/day/4 days) or vehicle in the same period, starting 30 minutes before the seventh inhalation. To evaluate the behavioral impact of stress induction, the animals were subjected to open field test, and we obtained the following parameters: distance traveled, average speed, total time of handling. It was also collected a blood sample on the day of pulmonary mechanics to measure cortisol. After 72h of the seventh inhalation, animals were anesthetized, and exsanguinated and slices of peripheral lung tissue were removed, suspended in a Krebs bath, and resistance (Rt) and elastance (Et) of peripheral lung tissue were evaluated either at baseline condition and after oavalbumin challenge (1%). It was also measured the histerisivity. After the end of the mechanical oscillatory evaluation, the same slices of peripheral lung tissue were submited to histopathological analysis. Results: We observed that animals submitted to forced swimming had an increase in adrenal weight, in the serum cortisol, in the distance and time of movement in the open field, showing that forced swimming was effective as stressor. The animals exposed to inhalations with ovalbumin and submited to stress induced by forced swimming had an increase in pulmonary tissue resistance and elastance (p <0.05), had an increased in the number of eosinophils (P <0.05), iNOS positive cells (P <0.05), actin (P <0.05) and 8-epi-PGF2a content (P <0.05) in alveolar septum compared to ovalbumin exposed animals (OVA group). Treatment with 1400W reversed this response in sensitized animals submitted or not to stress induction (P <0.05) There was no difference in the collagen deposition. Administration of 1400W for sensitized and stressed animals reduced all these functional and morphological parameters (P <0.05) except for the actin content of the alveolar septum, eosinophilic infiltration and cortisol levels.

Hepatite C e crioglobulinemia / Hepatitis C and cryoglobulinemia

A hepatite C e considerada atualmente a hepatite viral de maior importancia nos aspectos clinico e epidemiologico devido ao carater infeccioso lento e progressivo culminando com maior incidencia de cronicidade e consequentemente de maior suceptibilidade a cirrose e a um risco anual de aproximadamente 3 por cento para hepatocarcinoma...